The Christian conquests of the mid-thirteenth century — Córdoba in 1236, Valencia in 1238, Seville in 1248, Murcia definitively in 1266 — transferred the greater part of al-Andalus to Castile and Aragon and were followed by systematic redistribution of urban property and farmland to Christian settlers recorded in the repartimiento books. Muslim populations were treated differently from place to place: some, particularly rural communities in Valencia and Aragon, remained as Mudéjars under charters guaranteeing religion and custom; others were expelled outright, as at Seville, or left under surrender terms, as James I records for the city of Valencia. The Mudéjar revolt of 1264–1266 in Andalusia and Murcia was followed by further expulsions and a second wave of Christian settlement. The result over two generations was a substantial movement of Muslims to Granada and North Africa and a repopulation of the conquered south by settlers from the north. The 1492 conquest of Granada and the expulsion of Spain's Jews in the same year fall outside this entry's window.
The crowns of Castile and Aragon conquered Córdoba, Valencia, Seville and Murcia, expelled or subordinated their Muslim inhabitants, and redistributed the land to Christian settlers under repartimiento
Component estimates exist but do not add to a reliable total: Guichard and Burns put the kingdom of Valencia at roughly 200,000 Muslims at its conquest, and the repartimiento land registers of Seville, Cordoba and Murcia record settler allotments rather than the displaced population. Estimates for the Guadalquivir valley vary several-fold, and the sequence of expulsions after the 1264 Mudejar revolt is documented qualitatively rather than numerically.
No significant aggregate death toll is documented. Most of the major cities surrendered on terms rather than being stormed, and the recorded outcome was expulsion, emigration and subordination rather than mass killing; the suppression of the 1264–1266 revolt involved fighting for which no totals survive.
Spain, Morocco