All 585 events

Every episode in the atlas, in chronological order, grouped by era. Each links to its own page; the interactive map shows them in place and in time.

Antiquity · 2600 BCE – 500 CE · 40 events

Sneferu's Campaign into Nubia c. 2600 BCE Lagash–Umma Border War over the Gu-edena c. 2500–2350 BCE Akkadian Conquest of Sumer and Rimush's Reprisals c. 2334–2270 BCE Weni's Campaigns against the Sand-dwellers c. 2320–2280 BCE Elamite Sack of Ur and the End of the Third Dynasty of Ur c. 2004 BCE Babylonian Conquest and Destruction of Mari c. 1761–1759 BCE Hittite Deportation and Resettlement of Conquered Populations c. 1600–1180 BCE Egyptian Conquest and Colonisation of Nubia c. 1550–1070 BCE Expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt c. 1550–1530 BCE Egyptian New Kingdom Deportations from Canaan and Syria c. 1457–1350 BCE The Neo-Assyrian Mass Deportation Programme c. 744–627 BCE Assyrian Destruction of the Kingdom of Israel and Deportation from Samaria c. 724–715 BCE Sennacherib's Campaign in Judah 701 BCE The Spartan Helot System c. 700–369 BCE The Babylonian Exile of Judah 597–539 BCE Achaemenid Persian Deportations of Conquered Cities c. 525–490 BCE Athenian Destruction of Melos 416–415 BCE Alexander's Destruction of Thebes 335 BCE Alexander's Sieges of Tyre and Gaza 332 BCE Hellenistic City Foundations and Forced Transplantation of Populations c. 331–187 BCE Alexander's Campaign and Colonisation in Bactria and Sogdiana 329–327 BCE Mass Enslavement as a Consequence of Roman Conquest c. 264 BCE – 180 CE The Mauryan Conquest of Kalinga c. 262–261 BCE Qin Unification: Forced Resettlement of Elites and Frontier Colonisation 221–210 BCE Roman Deportation and Colonisation within Italy c. 180–41 BCE Xiongnu Expulsion of the Yuezhi c. 176–130 BCE Roman Enslavement of Epirus 167 BCE The Roman Destruction of Carthage 149–146 BCE The Roman Destruction of Corinth 146 BCE Han Frontier Colonisation and the Xiongnu Wars c. 133–60 BCE Han Conquest and Annexation of Nanyue 112–111 BCE Han Conquest of Gojoseon and the Four Commanderies 109–108 BCE Caesar's Conquest of Gaul 58–50 BCE The First Jewish–Roman War and the Destruction of Jerusalem 66–73 Trajan's Conquest and Colonisation of Dacia 101–106 The Bar Kokhba Revolt and Its Aftermath 132–136 Sasanian Deportation of Roman Populations to Iran c. 241–379 The Hunnic Invasions and the Displacement of Peoples in Europe c. 370–453 The Gothic Crossing of the Danube and the Gothic War 376–382 The Vandal Conquest of Roman Africa 429–442

The Medieval World · 500–1450 · 44 events

Justinian's Gothic War and the Depopulation of Italy 535–554 Khosrow I's Sack of Antioch and the Deportation to Weh Antiok Khosrow c. 540–542 Slav and Avar Settlement of the Balkans c. 580–630 Expulsion and Killing of the Jewish Tribes of Medina c. 624–627 The Arab Conquests and the Dhimmi Settlement Regime c. 633–750 The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade, 7th–15th Centuries c. 650–1450 Byzantine Population Transfers: Slavs to Anatolia, Armenians and Syrians to Thrace c. 688–830 The Red Sea and Indian Ocean Slave Trades, 7th–15th Centuries c. 700–1450 Umayyad Conquest and Settlement of Iberia c. 711–756 The An Lushan Rebellion and the Tang Census Collapse 755–763 Charlemagne's Saxon Wars, Forced Conversion and Deportations 772–804 Viking Slave Raiding and the Northern Slave Trade c. 793–1100 The Saqaliba Trade: Slavic Captives to al-Andalus and the Islamic World c. 800–1100 Byzantine Persecution and Deportation of the Paulicians c. 843–975 Zanj Enslavement in the Iraqi Salt Marshes and the Zanj Revolt 869–883 Mahmud of Ghazni's Raids into Northern India and the Ghaznavid Slave Trade c. 1000–1030 The Harrying of the North 1069–1070 Turkmen Settlement of Anatolia after Manzikert c. 1071–1180 The Rhineland Massacres of 1096 1096 The Crusader Capture of Jerusalem and the Massacre of 1099 1099 The Jingkang Incident and the Southward Flight of the Song 1125–1142 Almohad Forced Conversion and the Flight of Andalusi Jews and Christians c. 1146–1212 The Baltic Crusades: Conquest of Livonia and Prussia 1198–1290 The Fourth Crusade and the Sack of Constantinople 1203–1204 The Albigensian Crusade and the Conquest of Languedoc 1209–1229 The Mongol Conquest of China and the Census Collapse 1211–1279 The Mongol Conquest of the Khwarazmian Empire 1219–1221 Deportation of Sicily's Muslims to Lucera and the Colony's Destruction 1223–1300 The Mongol Invasions of Korea and the Deportation of Captives 1231–1259 Reconquista Conquests and the Displacement of Andalusi Muslims c. 1236–1300 The Mongol Invasion of the Rus Principalities 1237–1241 The Mongol Invasion of Hungary 1241–1242 The Mongol Sack of Baghdad and the End of the Abbasid Caliphate 1258 The Expulsions of the Jews from England and France 1290–1394 Muhammad bin Tughluq's Transfer of Delhi to Daulatabad c. 1327–1335 The Black Death Massacres and Expulsions of Jewish Communities 1348–1351 Ottoman Sürgün Resettlement and the Devşirme Child Levy c. 1354–1450 Early Ming State-Organised Resettlement under the Hongwu Emperor 1368–1398 Timur's Campaigns: Isfahan, Delhi and Baghdad 1370–1405 Timur's Invasions of Georgia and the Depopulation of the Kartli Lowlands c. 1386–1403 The Ming Occupation of Đại Việt and the Deportation of Its Elites 1407–1427 The Aztec Triple Alliance: Conquest, Tribute Resettlement and Mass Sacrifice c. 1428–1519 The Ayutthayan Capture of Angkor and the Removal of the Khmer Court c. 1430–1440 The Inca Mitma: State Resettlement across Tawantinsuyu c. 1438–1532

Conquest and the Slave Trades · 1450–1750 · 55 events

The Indian Ocean and Red Sea Slave Trades, 1450–1750 c. 1450–1750 The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade, 1450–1750 c. 1450–1750 The Fall of Constantinople and the Ottoman Repopulation of the City 1453–1478 The Đại Việt Conquest of Champa and the Sack of Vijaya 1471 Crimean and Nogai Slave Raiding in Eastern Europe c. 1475–1750 Muscovy's Subjugation of Novgorod: The Deportations of 1478-1489 and the Sack of 1570 1478–1570 The Conquest of Granada and the Forced Conversion of Its Muslims 1482–1502 The Demographic Collapse of the Indigenous Americas c. 1492–1650 The Expulsion of the Jews from Spain 1492 The Spanish Conquest of the Caribbean and the Collapse of the Taíno c. 1492–1550 The Forced Conversion of the Jews of Portugal and the Lisbon Massacre 1496–1506 Barbary Corsair Captive-Taking in the Mediterranean c. 1500–1750 The Khivan and Bukharan Slave Trade and Turkmen Raiding of Persia and Russia c. 1500–1873 The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade to 1750 1501–1750 The Portuguese Conquest of Goa and Malacca c. 1510–1560 The Spanish Conquest of Mexico and the Depopulation of the Central Highlands c. 1519–1600 The Adal Sultanate's Conquest of Christian Ethiopia c. 1529–1543 The Spanish Conquest of Peru and the End of Tawantinsuyu 1532–1572 Toungoo Burma's Wars of Conquest and the Deportation of Ayutthaya, Lan Na and Lan Xang c. 1548–1600 Russian Eastward Expansion: Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberia and the Yasak c. 1552–1750 The French Wars of Religion, the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre and the Flight of the Huguenots 1562–1598 The Dutch Revolt and the Exodus from the Southern Netherlands 1567–1590 The Toledo Reducciones and the Potosí Mita c. 1569–1750 The Spanish Reduccion and Resettlement of the Philippine Lowlands c. 1570–1700 Portuguese Angola and the West Central African Slaving Wars c. 1575–1750 Bandeirante Slave Raiding and the Destruction of the Guairá Missions c. 1580–1720 Morocco's Conquest of Songhay and the Exile of Timbuktu's Scholars c. 1591–1612 The Japanese Invasions of Korea (Imjin War) 1592–1598 Shah Abbas's Deportations and the Founding of New Julfa c. 1603–1620 The Beaver Wars and the Dispersal of the Wendat, Neutral and Erie 1609–1701 The Dutch Conquest and Depopulation of the Banda Islands 1609–1621 The Expulsion of the Moriscos from Spain 1609–1614 The Plantation of Ulster 1609–1641 The Tokugawa Suppression of Christianity and the Shimabara Rebellion c. 1614–1650 The Thirty Years War and the Depopulation of the German Lands 1618–1648 The Dutch Pacification of Formosa and the Lamey Island Massacre 1635–1645 The Pequot War, King Philip's War and the Enslavement of Native New Englanders 1636–1677 The Manchu Conquest of Ming China: Yangzhou, Jiading and the Queue Order 1644–1662 The Khmelnytsky Uprising and the Massacres of 1648-49 1648–1657 The Cromwellian Conquest of Ireland and the Transplantation to Connacht 1649–1660 The Deluge: Swedish and Russian Invasion and the Depopulation of Poland-Lithuania 1655–1660 The Qing Great Clearance: Evacuation of the Southern Seaboard 1661–1683 The Battle of Mbwila, the Kongo Civil Wars and the Emptying of the Kingdom c. 1665–1740 The Spanish-Chamorro Wars and the Reduccion of the Mariana Islands 1668–1700 The Indian Slave Trade of the English Southeast 1670–1717 Aurangzeb's Deccan Wars and the Maratha Conflict 1681–1707 The Huguenot Exodus after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes c. 1681–1700 The Great Migrations of the Serbs from Ottoman Territory to Habsburg Lands c. 1690–1739 The Ottoman Iskan: Forced Settlement of Nomadic Tribes c. 1691–1750 Mawlay Isma'il's Enslavement of Black Moroccans for the 'Abid al-Bukhari c. 1699–1708 War Captives, Tribute and Sacrifice in Dahomey and Asante c. 1700–1900 The Dzungar Invasions of the Kazakh Steppe and the 'Great Disaster' c. 1723–1730 The Expulsion of the Salzburg Protestants 1731–1732 Nader Shah's Sack of Delhi 1739 Ahmad Shah Durrani's Invasions of Northern India and the Sikh Ghallugharas 1747–1772

Empire, Clearance and Removal · 1750–1900 · 78 events

The East African and Indian Ocean Slave Trade and the Zanzibar Plantations c. 1750–1900 The Highland Clearances c. 1750–1860 The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade at its Peak and its Suppression 1750–1867 The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade, 1750-1900 c. 1750–1900 The Expulsion of the Acadians (le Grand Derangement) 1755–1764 The Qing Destruction of the Dzungars 1755–1758 Deportation Warfare between Burma, Siam and their Neighbours c. 1759–1828 The Alta California Mission System 1769–1834 The Great Bengal Famine of 1770 under East India Company Rule 1769–1771 The Partitions of Poland-Lithuania 1772–1795 Russia's Annexation of the Crimean Khanate, the 1778 Deportation of Crimea's Christians and the Destruction of the Zaporozhian Sich 1775–1783 The Loyalist Exodus from the United States 1775–1785 The Mysore Deportations of the Mangalorean Catholics and the Kodavas 1784–1799 Convict Transportation to Australia and the Norfolk Island Penal Settlements 1788–1868 The Australian Frontier Wars and Aboriginal Dispossession c. 1788–1900 The Domestic Slave Trade of the United States 1790–1865 The Haitian Revolution, the War of Extermination and the Expulsion of the French 1791–1804 The Pale of Settlement: Residence Restriction of Russia's Jews 1791–1917 The War in the Vendee and the Republican Repression 1793–1796 The Sokoto Caliphate: Jihad, Slave Raiding and the Plantation Economy 1804–1903 The Musket Wars and the Invasion of the Chatham Islands c. 1806–1863 Merina Expansion, Forced Labour and the Wars of Unification in Madagascar 1810–1861 The Mfecane / Difaqane in Southern Africa c. 1815–1840 The Burmese Invasions of Assam and Manipur and the Depopulation of the Brahmaputra Valley 1817–1826 The Russian Conquest of the Caucasus and the Circassian Expulsion 1817–1867 The Seminole Wars and the Removal of the Seminole from Florida 1817–1858 The Massina and Umarian Jihads in the Western Sudan 1818–1864 Muhammad Ali's Egypt: The Conquest of Sudan, Slave Levies, Conscription and Corvee 1820–1848 The Greek War of Independence and its Reciprocal Massacres 1821–1832 The Black War and the Removal of the Tasmanian Aboriginal People 1824–1847 The Java War and the Dutch Cultivation System 1825–1870 The French Conquest of Algeria and the Dispossession of its Land 1830–1875 US Indian Removal and the Trail of Tears 1830–1850 Siberian Exile after the Polish Uprisings of 1830 and 1863 1831–1867 Indian Indentured Labour: the Girmitiya System 1834–1900 The Irish Famine: Clearances and Mass Emigration 1845–1855 The New Zealand Wars and the Raupatu Land Confiscations 1845–1872 The Killing and Dispossession of the California Indians 1846–1873 The Mexican Cession and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1846–1848 The Caste War of Yucatan and the Sale of Maya Captives to Cuba 1847–1901 The Great Mahele, the Overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom and United States Annexation 1848–1898 Norwegianization, Sami Land Dispossession and the Nordic Assimilation Regimes c. 1850–1980 The Taiping Rebellion 1850–1864 The Plains Wars and the United States Reservation and Allotment System 1851–1890 Kanak Dispossession, the Reserves and the Evenements in New Caledonia 1853–1988 The Muslim Rebellions in Qing China and their Suppression 1855–1877 The Crimean Tatar and Nogai Exodus to the Ottoman Empire c. 1856–1866 The Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the British Reprisals 1857–1859 The Andaman Islands Penal Colony and the Great Andamanese 1858–1945 The Conquest of the Desert and the Occupation of Araucania 1861–1885 The Peruvian Slave Raids on Rapa Nui and the Confinement of the Islanders at Hanga Roa 1862–1966 The Long Walk of the Navajo and the Bosque Redondo Reservation 1863–1868 The Pacific Labour Trade and Blackbirding 1863–1904 The Sand Creek and Wounded Knee Massacres 1864–1890 The War of the Triple Alliance and the Destruction of Paraguay 1864–1870 The Russian Conquest of Central Asia 1865–1895 The Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement 1866–1969 Australia's Aboriginal Protection Acts, Missions and Reserves c. 1869–1969 The Colonisation of Hokkaido, Ainu Assimilation Policy and the Annexation of Ryukyu 1869–1899 Canada's Numbered Treaties, the Reserve and Pass System, and the North-West Resistance 1871–1900 The Criminal Tribes Acts and the Settlement of India's 'Criminal Tribes' 1871–1952 The Semaine Sanglante and the Deportation of the Communards 1871–1880 The Aceh War and the Dutch Conquest of Northern Sumatra 1873–1914 The April Uprising, the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 and the Muhacir Migrations 1876–1881 The Famines of British India, 1876-1902 1876–1902 The Ploughing Campaign and the Invasion of Parihaka 1879–1881 The Putumayo Rubber Atrocities c. 1879–1913 The United States Indian Boarding School System c. 1879–1900 Menelik II's Conquest of the Southern Lands and the Gabbar System c. 1880–1900 Anti-Jewish Pogroms, the May Laws and Emigration from the Russian Empire 1881–1900 The Scramble for Africa and the Berlin Conference 1884–1900 The Congo Free State and the Rubber Regime 1885–1908 The Mahdist State in Sudan: Forced Migration to Omdurman and the Famine of 1889 1885–1898 Abdur Rahman Khan's Subjugation of the Hazarajat and the Pashtun Settlement of Northern Afghanistan 1888–1901 The Hamidian Massacres of the Armenians 1894–1896 Japan's Conquest of Taiwan and the Yunlin Massacre 1895–1896 Weyler's Reconcentracion in Cuba 1896–1898 Reconcentration in the Philippine-American War 1899–1902

The World Wars · 1900–1945 · 116 events

The Boxer War, the Amur Massacres and the Russian Occupation of Manchuria 1900–1905 The Deportation of the Yaqui to Yucatan 1900–1910 The Indigenat, Forced Labour and Conscription in French West and Equatorial Africa 1900–1946 The Second Boer War: Farm Burning and the Concentration Camps 1900–1902 The Deportation of Pacific Islanders from Queensland under the White Australia Policy 1901–1908 The Herero and Nama Genocide in German South West Africa 1904–1908 The Maji Maji Rebellion and its Suppression in German East Africa 1905–1907 Compulsory Cultivation, Portage and Labour Recruitment in the Belgian Congo 1908–1960 Japan's Annexation of Korea and the Colonial Land Survey 1910–1926 The Mexican Revolution: Displacement and Flight to the United States 1910–1920 The Italian Conquest of Libya and the Deportation of Libyans to Italy 1911–1926 The Balkan Wars and their Reciprocal Expulsions 1912–1913 The Ikhwan Hijar: Saudi Settlement of the Bedouin 1912–1930 The Natives Land Act of 1913 in South Africa 1913–1926 The Persecution and Deportation of the Ottoman Greeks (the Greek Genocide) 1913–1923 Japan's South Seas Mandate and Wartime Displacement in Micronesia 1914–1945 The East African Campaign: Conscripted Carriers and Civilian Famine 1914–1918 The German Invasion and Occupation of Belgium and Northern France 1914–1918 The Internment of Enemy Aliens in the First World War 1914–1920 The Russian Empire's Wartime Deportation of Jews, Germans and Others 1914–1917 The Sayfo: The Assyrian, Syriac and Chaldean Genocide c. 1914–1920 The Armenian Genocide 1915–1923 The Great Famine of Mount Lebanon and Ottoman Syria 1915–1918 The Serbian Retreat through Albania and the Occupation of Serbia 1915–1918 The Central Asian Revolt of 1916 and the Urkun 1916–1917 The Ottoman Deportation of Kurds from Eastern Anatolia c. 1916–1918 Displacement and the Emigre Exodus of the Russian Civil War 1917–1923 Racial Massacres and Expulsions in the United States: East St Louis, Elaine, Tulsa and Rosewood 1917–1923 The Anti-Jewish Pogroms of the Russian Civil War 1918–1921 The Armenian-Azerbaijani War and the Massacres of Baku, Shusha and Zangezur 1918–1920 The Finnish Civil War Prison Camps 1918–1919 The New Borders of Central Europe: Refugees after Trianon, Versailles and Neuilly 1918–1926 The Red Terror, the White Terror and the First Soviet Camps 1918–1923 The Soviet Reconquest of Central Asia, the Basmachi War and Flight to Afghanistan 1918–1934 De-Cossackization on the Don 1919–1921 The Polish-Soviet War and the Peace of Riga 1919–1924 The Volga Famine 1921–1923 The Burning of Smyrna and the Exodus of the Anatolian Greeks 1922–1923 The Greek-Turkish Population Exchange under the Treaty of Lausanne 1923–1930 The Kanto Massacre of Koreans 1923 Reza Shah's Forced Sedentarization of Iran's Nomadic Tribes 1925–1941 New Zealand Rule in Western Samoa: The Mau, Black Saturday and the Exiles 1926–1936 Italy's Deportation of the Cyrenaican Population into Camps 1929–1934 The Mexican Repatriation in the United States 1929–1936 Land Apportionment, the Native Land Husbandry Act and African Removals in Southern Rhodesia 1930–1962 Soviet Dekulakization and the Special Settlements 1930–1933 The Gulag: The Soviet Forced-Labour Camp System 1930–1953 The Kazakh Famine and Forced Sedentarization (Asharshylyk) 1930–1933 Japan's Seizure of Manchuria and Agricultural Settlement 1931–1945 La Matanza: the 1932 Massacre in Western El Salvador 1932 The Holodomor: Famine in Soviet Ukraine 1932–1933 The Japanese Military 'Comfort Women' System 1932–1945 Nazi Persecution of German Jews and the Refugee Exodus 1933–1939 The Nazi Concentration Camp System before the War 1933–1939 The Simele Massacre and the Dispersal of Iraq's Assyrians 1933–1937 Turkey's Settlement Law and the Dersim Operations 1934–1938 Italy's Invasion of Ethiopia and the Addis Ababa Massacre 1935–1941 Internal Displacement inside Spain during the Civil War 1936–1939 The 1936-1939 Arab Revolt in Palestine and its Suppression 1936–1939 The Porajmos: Nazi Genocide of Roma and Sinti 1936–1945 The Spanish Civil War: the Retirada and the French Internment Camps 1936–1945 China's Wartime Refugee Flight and the Yellow River Dyke Breach 1937–1945 Deportation of Koreans from the Soviet Far East 1937 The Great Terror: Mass and National Operations of the NKVD 1937–1938 The Nanjing Massacre 1937–1938 The Parsley Massacre of Haitians in the Dominican Republic 1937 The Annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland 1938–1939 The Phoenix Islands Settlement Scheme and Gilbertese Resettlement to the Solomon Islands 1938–1971 Aktion T4 and the Murder of Disabled People 1939–1945 Expulsions from Annexed Poland and the 'Heim ins Reich' Resettlement 1939–1944 Forced Labour in the German War Economy 1939–1945 Franco's Postwar Concentration Camps, Prisons and Forced-Labour System in Spain 1939–1947 Japanese Wartime Mobilisation of Korean and Chinese Forced Labour 1939–1945 The German-Soviet Partition of Poland 1939–1941 The Ghettos as a System of Confinement 1939–1944 The Holocaust 1939–1945 The South Tyrol Option Agreement 1939–1943 Displacement by Strategic Bombing in Germany and Japan 1940–1945 Soviet Annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1940–1944 Soviet Annexation of the Baltic States and Mass Deportations 1940–1953 Soviet Deportations from Occupied Eastern Poland 1940–1941 The Katyn Massacre of Polish Prisoners 1940 The Sanko Sakusen: Japanese Scorched-Earth Campaigns in North China 1940–1945 Deportation of the Volga Germans and Soviet Germans 1941–1942 German Anti-Partisan Warfare and Village Destruction in Belarus 1941–1944 German Captivity and Mass Death of Soviet Prisoners of War 1941–1945 Italian Fascist Internment of Slovenes and Croats: Rab, Gonars and the Annexed Territories 1941–1943 The Farhud and the Denaturalisation of Iraq's Jews 1941–1952 The Great Famine in Axis-Occupied Greece 1941–1944 The Japanese Occupation of Guam and the Manenggon Marches 1941–1944 The Siege of Leningrad 1941–1944 The United States Navy on Vieques, Puerto Rico 1941–2003 The Ustasha Regime and the Jasenovac Camps 1941–1945 Internment of Japanese Americans and Japanese Canadians 1942–1949 The Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia: Internment, Romusha and Famine 1942–1945 The Pacific War in New Guinea: Conscripted Labour and Civilian Displacement 1942–1945 The Wartime Internment of the Unangax (Aleut) of Alaska 1942–1945 Turkey's Wealth Tax and the Askale Labour Camp 1942–1944 Deportation of the North Caucasus Peoples, Kalmyks, and Meskhetian Turks 1943–1944 Istrian–Dalmatian Exodus of Italians 1943–1960 The Bengal Famine of 1943 1943–1944 The Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 1943–1945 Bulgaria's Communist Labour Camps: Belene, Lovech and the Camp Network 1944–1962 Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 1944 Expulsion of Ethnic Germans from Hungary and Yugoslavia 1944–1948 Expulsion of Germans from Poland (Former Eastern Germany) 1944–1950 Finnish Karelia Cession and Evacuation 1944–1945 Forced Repatriation of Soviet Citizens and the Filtration System 1944–1947 Poland's Postwar Border Shift (Curzon Line and Oder–Neisse) 1944–1947 Polish–Ukrainian Population Transfers and Operation Vistula 1944–1947 Soviet Annexation of Carpathian Ruthenia 1944–1946 Soviet Annexation of Tuva 1944 Soviet Deportation of Central European Civilians for Reparations Labour (malenkij robot) 1944–1949 The German Scorched-Earth Evacuation of Finnmark and North Troms 1944–1945 The US Missile Range at Kwajalein and the Concentration of Marshallese on Ebeye 1944–2026 The Warsaw Uprising and the Expulsion of the City's Population 1944–1945

The War's Long Shadow · 1945–1960 · 70 events

Albania under Hoxha: Internal Exile, Internment Villages and the Political Prison System 1945–1991 Australia's Stolen Generations c. 1945–1970 Canada's Indian Residential School System c. 1945–1996 Dutch Military Violence in the Indonesian War of Independence 1945–1949 Expulsion of Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovakia 1945–1947 Removal of the Banabans to Rabi Island c. 1945–1947 Repatriation of Japanese Settlers from Manchuria, Korea, Taiwan and Sakhalin 1945–1958 Roma Persecution, Coerced Assimilation and Expulsion in Postwar Europe c. 1945–2012 Soviet "Special Settlement" Regime for Deported Nationalities 1945–1957 Soviet Annexation of Königsberg (Kaliningrad) 1945–1948 Soviet Seizure of South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands 1945–1949 The Battle of Okinawa, the Civilian Camps and the US Seizure of Okinawan Land 1945–1972 The Sétif, Guelma and Kherrata Massacres 1945 Bikini Atoll and Marshall Islands Nuclear Test Relocations 1946–1958 Greek Civil War Displacement and Child Evacuations 1946–1949 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the Palestinian Nakba 1947–1949 Dam and Development-Induced Displacement in Independent India 1947–2026 First Kashmir War and the Line of Control 1947–1949 Free Territory of Trieste and Its 1954 Partition 1947–1954 Greece's Detention and Exile Islands: Makronisos, Gyaros and Ai Stratis 1947–1974 Partition of India 1947–1948 Taiwan's 228 Incident and the White Terror 1947–1992 The 1947 Jammu Massacres and the Reciprocal Killings in Mirpur and Rajouri 1947–1948 The Suppression of the Malagasy Uprising 1947–1949 Exodus of Jews from Arab and Muslim Countries 1948–1974 Indian Annexation of Hyderabad ("Operation Polo") 1948 Jeju 4·3 Uprising and Suppression c. 1948–1949 La Violencia in Colombia 1948–1958 Legal Confinement of Palestinian Refugees in Lebanon 1948–ongoing Malayan Emergency "New Villages" Resettlement c. 1948–1960 Nationalist (KMT) Retreat to Taiwan 1948–1950 The Denationalization and Repatriation of Sri Lanka's Indian Tamils 1948–1988 China's Laogai and Re-education Through Labour Camp System c. 1949–2013 Goli Otok: Yugoslavia's Camp for Cominform Prisoners 1949–1956 Incorporation of Xinjiang into the PRC and Han Settlement Policy 1949–ongoing Reservoir Resettlement in China and the Three Gorges Dam 1949–2012 Romania under Communism: The Baragan Deportations, the Canal Camps and Systematization 1949–1989 Apartheid Forced Removals and Bantustan Resettlement 1950–1991 China's Land Reform and the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries 1950–1953 Chinese Annexation of Tibet 1950–1951 Hungary under Rakosi: Internment Camps and the Deportation of 'Class Enemies' 1950–1953 Korean War Displacement and the Division of Korea 1950–1953 The Bodo League Massacres in South Korea 1950–1951 The Continuing Exodus from East Bengal after Partition 1950–1964 UNRWA Refugee Camps and Protracted Palestinian Statelessness 1950–ongoing Bantustans and Influx Control in Apartheid South Africa 1951–1994 Canada's Sixties Scoop: Removal and Adoption of Indigenous Children 1951–1991 British Nuclear Tests at Maralinga and Emu Field and the Removal of the Anangu c. 1952–1967 The Inner-German Border, the Berlin Wall and the Border-Zone Clearances 1952–1989 The Kenya Emergency: Villagization and the Detention Camp 'Pipeline' 1952–1960 US Termination Policy and the Indian Urban Relocation Program c. 1952–1973 Canada's High Arctic Relocation and Inuit Settlement Centralisation c. 1953–1975 The Thule Relocation in Greenland 1953 1954 North-to-South Vietnam Exodus (Operation Passage to Freedom) 1954–1955 Algerian Independence: Pied-Noir and Harki Exodus 1954–1962 Newfoundland's Resettlement Programme 1954–1975 Operation Wetback 1954–1955 Paraguay under Stroessner: Detention, Torture and Exile 1954–1989 French Army 'Regroupement' Camps in Algeria 1955–1962 Istanbul Pogrom and the Departure of Turkey's Greeks c. 1955–1966 Sudanese Civil Wars (First and Second) 1955–2005 1956 Hungarian Refugee Exodus 1956–1957 The Return of the Deported North Caucasus Peoples and the Conflicts of Restoration 1956–1959 North Korea's Songbun Classification and Forced Relocation c. 1957–2026 North Korea's Kwanliso Political Prison Camp System 1958–ongoing The Great Leap Forward, the People's Communes and the Great Chinese Famine 1958–1962 1959 Tibetan Uprising and Exodus 1959–1960 The 1959 Rwandan Revolution and the Tutsi Refugee Exodus 1959–1964 The Cuban Exodus in Waves c. 1959–1995 Tibet after 1959: Democratic Reform, Communes and the Resettlement of Nomads 1959–2026

Empires Unmade · 1960–1975 · 51 events

Guatemalan Civil War and Maya Genocide 1960–1996 Soviet Punitive Psychiatry and the Special Psychiatric Hospitals c. 1960–1989 The Chittagong Hill Tracts: the Kaptai Dam, Settlement and Counter-Insurgency 1960–1997 Eritrean War of Independence 1961–1993 Indian Annexation of Goa, Daman and Diu 1961 Indonesian Takeover of West Papua and Transmigration 1962–ongoing Sino-Indian War and Chinese Control of Aksai Chin 1962 The Departure of Burma's Indian and Chinese Communities after 1962 1962–1967 1963 Sino-Pakistan Shaksgam Boundary Agreement 1963 French Nuclear Testing at Moruroa and Fangataufa 1963–1996 Nubian Displacement for the Aswan High Dam 1963–1964 The Dhofar Rebellion: Collective Punishment, Resettlement and Refugee Flight in Oman 1963–1976 Colombian Internal Armed Conflict and Displacement 1964–ongoing Dispossession and Displacement of Indigenous Peoples in Brazil c. 1964–2016 The 1964 Zanzibar Revolution and the Flight of Zanzibar's Arabs 1964 The Air War over Laos and the Evacuation of the Plain of Jars 1964–1975 The Destruction of Africville, Halifax 1964–1970 Cuba's UMAP Forced-Labour Camps 1965–1968 Indonesian Mass Killings and Mass Detention c. 1965–1979 Vietnam War Wartime Displacement 1965–1975 Guyana-Venezuela Essequibo Territorial Dispute 1966–ongoing The Cultural Revolution: Urban Expulsions, Cadre Schools and Rural Massacres 1966–1976 Village Grouping in Mizoram and Nagaland 1966–1975 1967 Six-Day War and Territorial Occupation 1967 Israeli Annexation of East Jerusalem 1967–1980 Israeli Settlement Expansion in the West Bank 1967–ongoing Nigerian Civil War (Biafran War) 1967–1970 Aldeamentos and Protected Villages: Counter-Insurgency Resettlement in Mozambique, Angola and Rhodesia 1968–1979 Anfal Campaign and Arabization of Kirkuk 1968–2003 Burma's Four Cuts Strategy and Forced Relocation in the Ethnic States 1968–2005 China's "Down to the Countryside" Rustication of Urban Youth c. 1968–1980 Depopulation of the Chagos Archipelago 1968–1973 Equatorial Guinea under Macías Nguema: Exodus and Forced Labour 1969–1979 Northern Ireland: The Displacement of 1969-1972 and Internment 1969–1975 The Buru Island Penal Colony for Indonesia's Political Prisoners 1969–1979 Expulsion and Denationalization of Iraq's Faili Kurds c. 1970–1990 Mindanao Conflict Displacement, Philippines 1970–ongoing The Expulsion and Killing of Cambodia's Vietnamese Minority 1970–1979 The Kafala System and Migrant Labour in the Gulf States c. 1970–2026 Bangladesh Liberation War and Refugee Crisis 1971 Idi Amin's Expulsion of Ugandan Asians 1972 Martial Law in the Philippines: Mass Detention, Disappearance and Hamletting 1972–1986 The Ikiza: Burundi's 1972 Mass Killings 1972–1973 The Stranded Biharis of Bangladesh and the Urdu-Speaking Camps 1972–2026 Insurgency, Military Operations and Displacement in Balochistan 1973–2026 Southern Cone Dictatorships: Disappearance and Exile in Chile and Argentina 1973–1990 Tanzania's Ujamaa Villagization (Operation Vijiji) 1973–1976 Uruguay's Civic-Military Dictatorship: Mass Political Imprisonment and Exile 1973–1985 Chinese Occupation and Construction in the Paracel and Spratly Islands 1974–ongoing Portugal's Retornados from Angola and Mozambique c. 1974–1976 Turkish Invasion and Division of Cyprus 1974–1975

Cold War Proxies · 1975–1990 · 45 events

Angolan Civil War 1975–2002 Cambodian Refugee Exodus to Thailand 1975–1993 Democratic Kampuchea: Cooperatives, Forced Labour and Mass Killing under the Khmer Rouge 1975–1979 Hmong Flight from Laos after the Pathet Lao Victory c. 1975–2007 Indian Annexation of Sikkim 1975 Indonesian Invasion and Occupation of East Timor, and 1999 Violence 1975–1999 Khmer Rouge Forced Evacuation of Cambodian Cities 1975 Morocco's Takeover of Western Sahara and the Sahrawi Exodus 1975–1976 Post-1975 Vietnamese Boat People and Re-education Camps 1975–1996 Sahrawi Refugees in the Tindouf Camps, Algeria 1975–ongoing The Lebanese Civil War: Massacres, Sieges and Sectarian Displacement 1975–1990 Vietnam's New Economic Zones 1975–1990 Ethiopia's Red Terror 1976–1978 Mozambican Civil War 1977–1992 Somali State Collapse and Civil War 1977–ongoing Expulsion of Ethnic Chinese (Hoa) from Vietnam 1978–1979 Rohingya Expulsions from Myanmar 1978–ongoing Post-Revolutionary Iran: Mass Emigration and the Persecution of the Baha'is 1979–2026 Salvadoran Civil War 1979–1992 Sinai Peninsula: Israeli Withdrawal under the 1979 Peace Treaty 1979–1982 Soviet Invasion and Occupation of Afghanistan 1979–1989 Iran–Iraq War Border Displacement 1980–1988 Peru's Internal Armed Conflict and Highland Displacement c. 1980–2000 Forced Relocation of the Miskito from the Río Coco, Nicaragua c. 1981–1987 Israeli Annexation of the Golan Heights 1981 The Luwero Triangle Campaign 1981–1985 1982 Lebanon War and Displacement 1982–2000 Repression under Hissène Habré 1982–1990 The Hama Massacre 1982 Gukurahundi 1983–1987 Sri Lankan Civil War and Tamil Displacement 1983–2009 Bulgaria's "Revival Process" and the 1989 Expulsion of Turks 1984–1989 Closed "Temporary Shelters" on the Thai-Myanmar Border 1984–ongoing Ethiopian Villagization and Resettlement Campaign 1984–1989 Chernobyl Evacuation and Exclusion Zone c. 1986–1991 Fiji's Coups and the Indo-Fijian Exodus c. 1987–2006 The JVP Insurrection and Counter-Terror in Southern Sri Lanka 1987–1990 First Nagorno-Karabakh War 1988–1994 The Bougainville Conflict and Blockade 1988–1998 Crimean Tatar Return to Crimea and Its Obstruction c. 1989–2014 Liberian and Sierra Leonean Civil Wars 1989–2003 Mauritania's Expulsions of Black Mauritanians 1989–1991 The 1989 United States Invasion of Panama and the Destruction of El Chorrillo 1989–1990 The Aceh Insurgency, Military Operations Zone and Martial Law Displacement 1989–2005 The Kashmir Insurgency, Counter-Insurgency Displacement and the 2019 Reorganisation 1989–2026

After the Wall · 1990–2000 · 36 events

Bhutanese Lhotshampa in the Eastern Nepal Camps 1990–ongoing Departure and Expulsion of Palestinians from Kuwait 1990–1992 Exodus of Kashmiri Pandits 1990 Expulsion of the Lhotshampa from Bhutan 1990–1996 Iraqi Invasion and Annexation of Kuwait 1990–1991 LTTE Expulsion of Muslims from Sri Lanka's Northern Province 1990 The Expulsion of Yemeni Workers from Saudi Arabia 1990–1991 Transnistria War 1990–1992 Village Evacuations and Displacement in South-East Turkey 1990–1999 1991 Kurdish Uprising and Refugee Crisis 1991 Croatian War of Independence (Vukovar, Krajina, Operation Storm) 1991–1995 Draining of the Mesopotamian Marshes and Marsh Arab Displacement 1991–2003 Georgia's Abkhaz and South Ossetian Wars 1991–1993 Kenya's Encampment Policy: Dadaab and Kakuma 1991–ongoing The Detention of Haitian Refugees at Guantánamo Bay 1991–1995 Afghan Civil War and Taliban-Era Displacement 1992–2001 Bosnian War and Ethnic Cleansing 1992–1995 Ossetian-Ingush Conflict and Expulsion from the Prigorodny District 1992 Prijedor Camps and the Expulsion of Non-Serbs 1992 Tajik Civil War 1992–1997 The Algerian Civil War: Village Massacres and Mass Displacement 1992–2002 Burundi's 1993 Crisis and Civil War 1993–2005 West Bank Closure, Permit and Barrier Regime 1993–ongoing First and Second Chechen Wars 1994–2000 Rwandan Genocide and Refugee Flight to Zaire 1994–1997 Eritrea's Indefinite National Service and the Exodus 1995–2026 Srebrenica Genocide 1995 Nepal's Maoist Conflict and Rural Displacement 1996–2006 Northern Uganda's 'Protected Villages' and the Lord's Resistance Army War 1996–2008 United States Immigration Detention and Family Separation 1996–2026 Congo-Brazzaville's Civil Wars and the Emptying of the Capital 1997–1999 Ethiopia–Eritrea Border War 1998–2000 Kosovo War, NATO Intervention, and Reverse Exodus 1998–2000 Second Congo War ("Africa's World War") 1998–2003 The Solomon Islands Tensions and the Expulsion of Malaitans from Guadalcanal 1998–2003 The 1999 Invasion of Dagestan and the Displacement of its Border Villages 1999

The Long Emergencies · 2000–2014 · 24 events

Evictions and Demolitions for the Beijing 2008 Olympics 2000–2008 Zimbabwe's Land Seizures and Operation Murambatsvina 2000–2005 Australian Offshore Detention on Nauru and Manus Island 2001–ongoing Côte d'Ivoire's Division and Post-Election Crisis 2002–2011 Extraterritorial Detention at Guantanamo Bay 2002–ongoing 2003 Iraq War and Sectarian Displacement 2003–2008 Darfur Conflict 2003–ongoing Military Operations and Mass Displacement in Pakistan's Tribal Districts 2004–2018 Internal Displacement from Criminal Violence in Mexico c. 2006–2026 Australia's Northern Territory Emergency Response 2007–2022 Closure and Blockade of the Gaza Strip 2007–ongoing Kenya's 2007–08 Post-Election Violence and Displacement 2007–2008 Kosovo's Declaration of Independence 2008 Russo-Georgian War (South Ossetia/Abkhazia) 2008 Boko Haram Insurgency and Lake Chad Basin Displacement 2009–ongoing Closed IDP Camps at Menik Farm, Sri Lanka 2009–2012 June 2010 Ethnic Violence in Southern Kyrgyzstan 2010 Libya since 2011: Forced Displacement and Migrant Detention 2011–2026 Myanmar's Kachin Offensive and Displacement after the 2011 Ceasefire Collapse 2011–2021 South Sudan Independence and Civil War 2011–2020 Syrian Civil War: Refugees and Internal Displacement 2011–ongoing Northern Mali's Seizure and the Malian Conflict 2012–2026 Rohingya Confined in Closed Camps and Villages in Rakhine State, Myanmar 2012–ongoing Central African Republic Conflict and the Flight of the Muslim Population 2013–2026

Borders by Force Again · 2014–2026 · 26 events

ISIS Territorial Seizure and the Yazidi Genocide in Sinjar 2014–2019 Russia's Annexation of Crimea 2014 War in Donbas 2014–2022 Yemen War and Mass Displacement 2014–ongoing Burkina Faso's Displacement Crisis 2015–2026 Europe's External Border: Hotspot Detention, Containment and Pushbacks 2015–2026 Venezuelan Refugee and Migrant Crisis 2015–ongoing Cabo Delgado Insurgency and Displacement, Mozambique 2017–2026 Cameroon's Anglophone Crisis 2017–2026 Displacement in Eastern DR Congo 2017–ongoing Ethiopia's Mass Internal Displacement of 2017-2019 2017–2019 Rohingya Confined in the Cox's Bazar Camps, Bangladesh 2017–ongoing Xinjiang Internment and Re-education System 2017–ongoing Al-Hol and Roj Camps, North-East Syria 2019–ongoing Belarus since 2020: Mass Detention and the Post-Election Exodus 2020–2026 Second Nagorno-Karabakh War 2020 Tigray War 2020–2022 2021 Taliban Takeover and Afghan Displacement 2021–ongoing Gang Control and Mass Displacement in Haiti 2021–2026 Myanmar Civil War Displacement Since the 2021 Coup 2021–ongoing El Salvador's State of Exception and Mass Incarceration 2022–2026 Russia's Full-Scale Invasion of Ukraine 2022–ongoing 2023 Azerbaijani Offensive and Exodus of Karabakh Armenians 2023 Gaza War: Mass Displacement since October 2023 2023–ongoing Sudan War (SAF–RSF Conflict) 2023–ongoing The Mass Expulsion of Afghans from Pakistan and Iran 2023–2026